(unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack The main point of contact Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Organizational politics is a natural part of organizational life. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector Political Organization Defined | Internal Revenue Service Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. Even in this . Shilluk Acholi In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. in the form of the Acholi district (Vincent, 2012). reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Arab trading routes coming from the north, trading in goods, but also in slaves. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. Acholi people - Wikipedia In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. Inheritance. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Farming and hunting dominated the live in this rural Social Organization. Orientation "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There were the spirits of known relatives, especially lineage ancestors; a second type was the nonancestral jok of the chiefdom as a whole. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda - JSTOR The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". population. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. 2008. The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, Kuturia Housein fired the first gun shot on Acholiland who had never seen and T(h)uri Kumam Even though this contact was described as a grossly negative experience for the Acholi, this During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. [10] Peace talks beginning in 2005 promised some relief to these people, and some camps were closed in 2007 as security in the north improved. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. This made the chiefs more independent from Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda - Unizin The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. At the same time Joseph Kony formed his own rebel group, (1955). 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. Customary leadership of the Acholi was severely affected by the long conflict in Northern Uganda, when many Acholi people lived in IDP camps for as long as 20 years. [CDATA[ Orientation Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Social Organization. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. Crazzolara, J. P. (1950-1954). limited wealth in the society and redistribution. social organization of acholi - Brainly.com Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. . What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. While rwodi, Congo. The LRA received much of its financial, logistical and military support from the Khartoum government in neighbouring Sudan. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Identification. many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Orientation However, this number is most likely considerably We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. This paper is a case study analysis of the sociological phenomena of forgiveness occurring in an ongoing two-decade war in northern Uganda. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. In the precolonial era, warfare, herding, and hunting were the domain of men. //]]>, ETHNONYMS: Acoli, Acooli; historically: Gani, Lango, Lo-Gang, Shuuli. During Uganda's colonial period, the British encouraged political and economic development in the south of the country, in particular among the Baganda. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Encyclopedia.com. While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Political Organization. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. (1976). This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. 61). Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Luo peoples - Wikipedia Orientation In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. outsiders: The Arabs had established a killing government on Acholi, some of the chiefs who Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. While Bantu speaking groups had begun to occupy Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). The B. K. (1994). coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Political organisation - Wikipedia higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. In search of chiefly authority in 'post-aid' Acholiland Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. Under Ugandan Pres. Political Organization. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Acholi | Encyclopedia.com Ocheng, D. O. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. Conflict. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. The Social Origins of Violence in Uganda, 1964-1 985. Religion of the Central Luo. This included both agricultural and hunting land. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. . Sons have traditionally learned about farming, hunting, herding, and lineage and chiefdom traditions from their fathers and other lineage males; girls learn farming and domestic duties from their mothers. "Acholi For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). . Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Approximately 2.1 million Acholi were counted in the Uganda census of 2014, and 45,000 more were living in South Sudan in 2000.[4]. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.' "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Wright, A. C. A. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona We hope you find it interesting. The Acholi region and language 51. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. With colonial rule This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 3 vols. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Arts. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Kinship Terminology. Political Organization. PUBLISHED: 30/01/2023. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. More Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. Acholi | people | Britannica It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. Doom, Ruddy and Koen Vlassenroot. Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Most political organizations take the form of a voluntary association of persons or organizations that pools its members' and constituents' financial and other resources, and engages in conventional political actions to affect policy-making outcomes. Marriage. 53- Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Political Organization Defined A political organization subject to Code section 527 is a party, committee, association, fund or other organization (whether or not incorporated) organized and operated primarily for the purpose of directly or indirectly accepting contributions or making expenditures, or both, for an exempt function. Customs may reinforce social justifications for inequitable land rights for men and women. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). NRA in 1986. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Anywa Adhola of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Death and Afterlife. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. aimed at achieving clearly-defined political goals, which typically benefit the interests of their members. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Rwot, 'ruler'). Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. . Due to its central location and the close Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just before the outbreak of civil war in 1986. The n, Mende He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. Localized patrilineal lineages, some of which have "brother" lineages of the same or different name in other parts of Acholi, have long been the fundamental social and economic units in Acholi. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Orientation The chiefs traditionally came from one clan, and each chiefdom had several villages made up of different patrilineal clans. This cookie is used to enable payment on the website without storing any payment information on a server. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. These include Christian marriage (with or without bride-wealth), elopement, and single parenthood. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the Acholi - Minority Rights Group "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Ceremonies. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. (1972). The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern social control in the area. Significantly, iron-ore deposits were located mainly at or just beyond the western, northeastern, southeastern, and southern boundaries of what became Acholi, and trade for this iron created networks of movement and interaction that helped determine a collective identity within these boundaries.
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