/Textbox /Sect -Aggression: westerners feel angry to people they are close to or when they are mistreated, easterners opposite /Footer /Sect The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. In what ways do we view members of our In-group differently from out-groups? [9] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. The cognitive miser and focal bias . /F2 22 0 R /F5 25 0 R 23417270. free . central traits that affect interpretation of later traits? Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [37], The dual processing system can produce cognitive illusions. /Author (Fiske) << In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? Versailles Co. returned $3,000\$3,000$3,000 of the merchandise, receiving a credit memo, and then paid the amount due within the discount period. nave scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician outgroup homogeneity Previous question Next question /ExtGState << applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 How can group work be designed to enhance performance and minimize social loafing? /F3 23 0 R /Name /F3 Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. /F3 23 0 R "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." /Contents [29 0 R 30 0 R 31 0 R 32 0 R 33 0 R] -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /Subtype /Type0 Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Social Psychology: Bringing It All Together, Summative (additive model): the valence of all traits are summed, Averaging: the valence of all traits are averaged, Weighted averaging: the valence of all traits are first weighted (based on the importance of the variable within the context) and then averaged regarded as the, People may sense the world similarly, but perceive it differently. >> First proposed in 1958 by FritzHeider in The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations, this theory holds that humans think and act with dispassionate rationality whilst engaging in detailed and nuanced thought processes for both complex and routine actions. /S /Transparency << Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? 3,000 & 10,000 \\ If there were many suppliers of diamonds, what would be the price and quantity? 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R /Type /Group << Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". /CS /DeviceRGB In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. 11 0 obj A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of Deepwater Horizon explosion, is presented below. /Parent 2 0 R -Meta Analysis: looks at findings over multiple studies endobj -Out group: (them) -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did Thus, people usually do not think rationally, but use cognitive shortcuts to make inferences and form judgments and only engage in careful, thoughtful processing when necessary. -Social contagion: imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. >> Under what conditions are people most likely to help? a. Cognitive dissonance theory b. Attribution theories c. Dual-process models d. Neuropsychological models 12. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we -Group tasks should be difficult because members will be more relaxed. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours Please sign in to share these flashcards. [38] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. -Treatment: appoint a devils advocate. /Parent 2 0 R Describe the Robber's Cave Studies. /Font << /GS8 28 0 R Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard's search. category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived /S /Transparency /Chartsheet /Part /CS /DeviceRGB How does the brain respond to social rejection? -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /Contents 44 0 R [3] This view holds that evolution makes the brain's allocation and use of cognitive resources extremely embarrassing. [13], Although Lippmann did not directly define the term cognitive miser, stereotypes have important functions in simplifying people's thinking process. /Type /ExtGState /CS /DeviceRGB "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. -Social comparison: idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people We have created a browser extension. what other things is equivalent to and what other things are different from (, -Categories /F2 22 0 R Harvard cognitive scientist David Perkins coined the term "mindware" to refer to the rules, data, procedures, strategies and other cognitive tools (knowledge of probability, logic and. [36] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. >> [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. On what dimensions do cultures differ? /StructParents 8 What is the difference between situational factors and dispositional factors? People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the attribution theory participants can and do use complex systems but only under certain conditions. endobj CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>comCollectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. -Americans had no problems with the original tst, easterners struggled until the second test when there was a group setting. -Asch did the test with the lines of different sizes, used confederates which stated the wrong answer, this made the real subject more likely to say the wrong answer even when they had written down the right one >> /Group << For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /StructParents 11 traits associated with the stereotype. Pennycook . endobj << But the problem remains that although these shortcuts could not compare to effortful thoughts in accuracy, people should have a certain parameter to help them adopt one of the most adequate shortcuts. An event is detected to violate the model of world that System 1 maintains. /StructParents 0 /GS8 28 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! When does it occur? /Font << What characterizes the central route and what kinds of decisions are involved? -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Passions, on the other hand, connote impulse and emotion, femininity and heat. >> In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. /Annots [51 0 R] That is to say, people live in a second-handed world with mediated reality, where the simplified model for thinking (i.e., stereotypes) could be created and maintained by external forces. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. /Parent 2 0 R /F4 24 0 R Applying this framework to human thought processes, nave scientists seek the consistency and stability that comes from a coherent view of the world and need for environmental control. /Resources << /Resources << What is the probability that he will be a good president?" /StructParents 5 Main Point: aside from cognition motivation also plays a large role in the social thinker. 3 [114 0 R 115 0 R 116 0 R 117 0 R 118 0 R 119 0 R 120 0 R 121 0 R 122 0 R 123 0 R What is social loafing? economic zones to fisheries. /Parent 2 0 R > unusual & distinctive attracts our attention> signifies potential danger detection has survival value. Explain the significance of -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. << Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? /F3 23 0 R What is conformity? >> 24 0 obj /Type /Page 2#/@LF6vCYJvHPd"}1C{8:0# Lh5tfz|baZ /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Difficult tasks: surrounded by people during a challenge makes us perform worse, Group bystander effect: bystanders in emergencies typically want to intervene but freeze up. 12 0 obj Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways.