The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Eventually the Karkota dynasty ended and a grandson of Utpala became king. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? Published online by Cambridge University Press: There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. . He tried to abduct a Nga woman, who was the wife of a Brahmin. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. "useRatesEcommerce": false Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Sultan Sikandar (1389-1413 CE), was the sixth ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. Raja Ram Mohan Roy, a social and educational reformer, was an idealist who contributed immensely in eradicating social evils prevalent in the society during the 18th century.He was popularly known as "Father of Modern India". It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. In fact, the history of Kashmir was continued, along Kalhanas line, down to some years after the annexation of Kashmir by the Mughal emperor Akbar (1586) in the following works: Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja), Jainatarangini (by Shrivara), and Rajavalipataka (by Prajyabhatta and Shuka). His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. [6] Although "Jina" is a term generally associated with Jainism, some ancient sources use it to refer to the Buddha. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. An unpopular king, he was killed. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation elsewhere. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. Died young. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Son of Lalitapida and Jayadevi, made the king by his maternal uncle Utpalaka. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Jonaraja Kalhana was a poet. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. The relative Several coins of a king named Toramana have been found in the Kashmir region. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Son of Hiranyakula. Subscribe here. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. Like other translations of the work, it is in prose. Here maybe Kutumbi = kunabi (as in kurmis of UP and. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Report Error Regarding the events of the past, Kalhanas search for material was truly fastidious. Rajatarangini . Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. The version was entitled Behr-ul-Asmar, (or the sea of tales). Ramcharitmanas , accomplished it in 1969. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Rajatarangini was composed by Kalhana, scion of a noble family of Kashmir. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. the Kambojs Arthashastra , one of the first in the history of Malayalam literature. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Does adding salt to water increase conductivity? Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Son of Ajitapida. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Kalhana says that Samdhimat Aryaraja used to spend the most delightful Kashmir summer in worshiping a lingam formed of snow/ice in the regions above the forests (II.138). Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. In the Karkota family, Lalitapida had a concubine, a daughter of a Kalyapala (IV.678). Son of Jayapida and Durgi. Learn about the life of Vallabhacharya, a great saint and philosopher. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. He showed shockingly progressed specialised mastery for the time in his anxiety for offbeat sources. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Sikander Lodi was succeeded on the throne in 1489. Deposed by the minister Shura. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. It does not store any personal data. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. He was a devout Shaivite, and his reign was marked by peace. . The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. They cannot be abusive or personal. hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Son of Partha. Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. 0 0 Similar questions Son of Sukhavarman. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. It has multiple dimensions, such as the aureole of antiquity, the grandeur of epic, the cachet of Sanskritic literary canons, the singular distinction as an ancient Indian historical chronicle and the uniqueness that it embodies as representation of a vital part of Indian selfhood. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Horace Hayman Wilson partially translated the work, and wrote an essay based on it, titled The Hindu History of Kashmir (published in Asiatic Researches Volume 15). If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. What literary period is the beat generation aligned with? They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old-style language, Sanskrit. 3 Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. This too appears to be a reference to the ice lingam at Amarnath. Concerning past occasions. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Rajatarangini belongs. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. Feature Flags: { Sandhimati remained in prison for 10years. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Salhana was deposed and imprisoned. Kalhana describes the rules of Toramana and, After the Huna, Meghavahana of the Gonandiya family was brought back from. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. and is known in general as a publisher willing to take chances with nontraditional Verse 14. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rajatarangini are given below. 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Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. He abdicated the throne, and a became a hermit to seek peace. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Translation of " " into Persian . Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? (With his account of the Karkota dynasty, relatively recent at the time he wrote his chronicles, Kalhana's information becomes more consistent with other sources.). He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. What are three different irrational numbers between the rational numbers 5 by 7 and 9 by 11? The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Shivajis Guru was Shree Samarth Ramdas was a noted 17th-century saint and spiritual poet of Maharashtra. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. ). He erected a monument at. Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. He was followed by his two sons who became kings in succession. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . Corrections? Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. After ruling indirectly and directly, Didda (9801003 CE) placed Samgrmarja, son of her brother on the throne, starting the Lohara dynasty. Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? The Journal of Asian Studies Translations of " " into Persian in sentences, translation memory . These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Nephew of Didda. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Learn more topics related to Ancient History of India, Download lessons and learn anytime, anywhere with the Unacademy app, Access free live classes and tests on the app. The summary is from J.C. Dutt's translation. The dynasty was established by Shah Mir in 1339 CE, there are two theories regarding Shah Mir's origin. Hiranya died childless. epic poem He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. Answer. Verse 15. The Hindi translation of Pandeya Ram Tej is another well-acclaimed book. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Abstract. Verse 15. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Sanskrit The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Made king by Mamma and Yashovarman. (Stay up to date on new book releases, reviews, and more with The Hindu On Books newsletter. Hari Parbat is visible in the background. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore.