Behaviorally test your thought. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. The central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for the nervous system, which receives, processes, interprets, and stores incoming sensory information. c. Each paradigm is complete in itself. Evaluate the usefulness of the biological model. size the different models of abnormality and to avoid oversimplifying the complex nature of human problems. Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didnt know the answers to many of the questions. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. Consider hunger, and the associated rumbling of our stomach, fatigue, lack of energy, etc., that motivates us to find and eat food. Briefly outline how communication in the nervous system occurs. c. transference. 129. What form of psychotherapy is ChaeWoo receiving? Throughout this book, we will discuss several treatment strategies used to change unwanted, maladaptive cognitions, whether they are present as an excess such as with paranoia, suicidal ideation, or feelings of worthlessness; or as a deficit such as with self-confidence and self-efficacy. Shonda responds by changing the subject. 2.2.3.2. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. 73. Some commonly used strategies include cognitive restructuring, cognitive coping skills training, and acceptance techniques. a. gestalt c. They explain outside influences and past events. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. As such, he continues to steal her toys. e. Models of abnormality are general hypotheses as to the nature of psychological abnormalities. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. They might go through reuptake, which is the process of the presynaptic neuron taking up excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space for future use or enzymatic degradation when enzymes destroy excess neurotransmitters in the synaptic space. 111. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. The defense mechanism that BEST explains your behavior is: a. denial. 2.2.1.6. b. repression. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. 2.2.3.1. First, consider the list of side effects given for psychotropic medications. b. anxiety disorders. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. d. brain circuits. 120. 37. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. What is learning and what forms does it take? Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Regarding the finding that there are more seriously disturbed people within poor subpopulations, a multicultural theorist would focus on the way in which: a. personal responsibility is related to dysfunction. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. Consider your parents for a minute. 131. b. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. c. alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Another respondent conditioning way to unlearn a fear is called flooding or exposing the person to the maximum level of stimulus and as nothing aversive occurs, the link between CS and UCS producing the CR of fear should break, leaving the person unafraid. 2.2.3.3. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. d. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. Any reference to cognitive processes was dismissed as this was not overt, but covert according to Watson and later Skinner. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on the: a. inferiority of particular cultural groups. Glial cells are support cells in the nervous system that serve five main functions: Finally, nerves are a group of axons bundled together like wires in an electrical cable. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. In time, the cause of the persons psychopathology is due to all these individual factors. All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. a. avoidance b. illogical c. safety d. exposure, 96. Infants tend to do things that feel good. When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. b. overgeneralization. It consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. d. propositions. All forget that there is no individual model that completely explains human behavior, or in this case, abnormal behavior, and so each model contributes in its own way. b. resistance. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. a. cognitive-behavioral Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. d. An investigators preferred paradigm influences how they interpret research findings. a. Which would be a part of your paradigm? a. existential There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. 2.3.1.4. a. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. Watson believed that the subject matter of psychology was to be observable behavior, and to that end, psychology should focus on the prediction and control of behavior. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. 132. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Notice when you are having a maladaptive cognition, such as making negative predictions. Figure out what is the worst thing that could happen and what alternative outcomes are possible. This perspective is part of the behavioral humanistic O psychodynamic O d. comitive Which of the following statements regarding the abnormal behavior of faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality is TRUE? Clarify what psychodynamic techniques are used. What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? b. existential Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). a. Sociocultural; biological b. Psychodynamic; existential c. Humanistic; cognitive-behavioral d. Cognitive-behavioral; psychodynamic. This information is passed to the nervous system due to the process of transduction and through sensory or afferent neurons, which are part of the peripheral nervous system. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. A perfect run will not be possible because "I'm going to screw up!" d. libido. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. 133. 1. Criticisms. This form of learning is called: a. shaping. 101. But as you will see, the individual does not have to present with the entire range of symptoms. b. cultural. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: These are the same four discussed under respondent conditioning. 113. 35. Outside of biological and psychological factors on mental illness, race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, etc. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. a. humanistic therapy. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. 2.3.3.6. Dealing with anxiety. This approach stresses the need for people to re-create themselves continually and be self-aware, acknowledges that anxiety is a normal part of life, focuses on free will and self-determination, emphasizes that each person has a unique identity known only through relationships and the search for meaning, and finally, that we develop to our maximum potential. a. modeling a. low activity of GABA b. absence of dopamine c. low activity of serotonin d. excessive activity of norepinephrine. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. 92. a. modeling. Both groups were frustrated when deprived of the coveted toy. c. congenital malformations. d. development of sociopathic tendencies. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. What are some issues facing the biological model? You have likely heard about Pavlov and his dogs, but what you may not know is that this was a discovery made accidentally. d. synapses. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: How so? Describe the role of genes in mental illness. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). 140. Brooklyn learns to turn on the TV by watching her older brother turn it on. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. 157. Banduras Classic Experiment. c. the conscious mind. c. psychoanalysts. 162. According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. We will cover this process in three parts. a. to lessen the power of thoughts b. to stop the client from comparing himself or herself to others c. to decrease internal negative self-talk d. to increase awareness of why the client behaves a certain way. A therapist listens carefully to a client's words and then attempts to show accurate empathy and genuineness. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. 28. It is difficult to research this perspective. Soon, the patient begins seeking the therapist's approval for all types of decisions, rather than just making the decisions herself. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. If this is true, how can we know anything about controversial matters? Choose one answer. d. The receiving neurons stop all firing. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. The sociocultural model asserts that race, ethnicity, gender, religious orientation, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation all play a role in the development and treatment of mental illness. Right? 2.3.2.2. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. c. They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? c. Two-thirds of treated couples achieve marital satisfaction by the end of therapy. b. brain stimulation. b. ego. c. sociocultural b. the pleasure principle. 50. This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Receptor cells in each of the five sensory systems detect energy. d. It produces a steady stream of low-voltage electricity to the targeted brain areas. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. The drug addresses (corrects) the underlying biological reasons for alcohol abuse. Conditioning. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. However, keep in mind that we do not model everything we see. d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. c. Beck. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. 25. d. There is no one theoretical approach used in couple therapy. 103. d. object relations. The room contains a highly prized toy, but they are told they cannot play with it. c. transference. Considered the follow-up to Watson and Rayner (1920), Jones (1924; Figure 2.7) wanted to see if a child who learned to be afraid of white rabbits (Panel B) could be conditioned to become unafraid of them. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. To do this, the client must be aware of the distressing thoughts, when they occur, and their effect on them. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. c. gestalt The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Still, cognitive-behavioral therapies have proven their efficacy for the treatment of OCD (McKay et al., 2015), perinatal depression (Sockol, 2015), insomnia (de Bruin et al., 2015), bulimia nervosa (Poulsen et al., 2014), hypochondriasis (Olatunji et al., 2014), and social anxiety disorder (Leichsenring et al., 2014) to name a few. d. free association. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? Regret orientation Focusing on what you could have done better in the past rather than on improving now. d. This model requires the therapist to predict abnormal behavior in individuals. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 65. The Structure of the Nervous System. d. develop depression that requires hospitalization. b. cognitive-behavioral. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. c. resistance. 127. An example was the attention I received for saying I was Chicken Little. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: Cognitive-behavioral approaches used to treat social anxiety disorder aim to: alter illogical thinking patterns and reduce avoidance behaviors. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail.