Drugs have different effect on the body. These have been clearly described by the American Society of Anesthesiologists.3 Minimal Sedation (anxiolysis) is a drug-induced state during which patients respond normally to verbal commands. In Nigeria, common drugs of use were categorised by Haladu 3 as social drugs, stimulants hallucinogens, narcotics sedatives, tranquilisers and miscellaneous solvents. 18th May 2017. . Introduction. Some antidepressant drugs, such as trazodone (Desyrel), are very good at treating sleeplessness and anxiety. Buprenorphine Buprenorphine: Dose: 0.02 mg/kg. Dose: Tea, 1 cup 3 x daily; Tincture, 30-60 drops 3-4 x daily. . Marijuana was introduced to Nigeria by soldiers returning from Second World War (Odejide, 2009). A questionnaire was used to collect data on social and demographic variables, epilepsy- related variables and sleep disturbances in PWE. drug abuse among secondary school students 2.3 effects of drug abuse in nigeria . stimulants as (ATS) and other sedative and stimulant drugs, (Brown, and Kreft,1998). The most commonly abused drugs in Nigeria are; Marijuana - Also called weed, ganja, Mary Jane, and a vast number of other slang terms. It is also the use of drug when not medically prescribed or when used against legal prohibition and this cause harm to the user (Gupter 1976:23). Data sources include IBM Watson Micromedex (updated 6 Dec 2021), Cerner Multum™ (updated 1 Jan 2022), ASHP (updated 13 Dec 2021 . This paper reviews the available literature on the epidemiology of drug abuse in Nigeria. Cannabis, popularly known as marijuana is one of the drugs commonly abused in Nigeria especially the adolescents. 1-4 Another active ingredient in . It may be found in a variety of formulas for the treatment of acute and chronic insomnia. Sedatives, heroin, cocaine and the non-medical use of . 2.2 the causes of drug abuses in nigeria. Other drugs used include cocaine, heroin, amphetamine-type stimulants and substances such as benzodiazepines (drugs that produce sedation and relaxing of muscles). Syrups - Both codeine and non-codeine based cough syrup, Cloud 9 syrup. You can get products like vibrators that will help jazz up your sex life. Cocaineis a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Depressants(sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). Codeine is classified as narcotics with high potential for addiction. Anxiolytics or sedative drugs should reduce anxi-ety with little or no effect on mental or motor function. In Nigeria in particular, the menace was not confined to a particular sex or age, it is found among top professionals, high class executives, musicians, truck drivers as well as sport men and women. Depending on the definition used, substances which are abused include antibiotics, antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, pain-relieving drugs, sedatives, amphetamines and cannabis. In 2018, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) conducted a national survey in the country stating that in 2017, 10.6 million people abuse cannabis, 4.6 million Nigerians abuse opioids, 2.4 million abuse cough syrup containing codeine, 2.4 million people abuse sedatives ad tranquilizers, 481,000 people abuse . University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Wakeel1*, S. Umukoro2, O.T. [4] Most endoscopists in Nigeria favor midazolam because of its fast onset of action, short duration of action, and high amnesic properties, as shown in a survey conducted by Nwokediuko and Obienu. 9. (Purple Drank) Lean — also known as purple drank, purple lean, sizzurp, dirty sprite, and lean drink—is a made of combination of prescription-strength cough medicine, soft drinks, and hard, fruit-flavored candy. OPIOIDS Opioids such as tramadol, morphine, pentazocine and codeine are originally prescription-only painkillers but people abuse them as sleeping pills because they are also sedative. The drug may cause you to feel sleepy the following day. Drug abuse refers to the non-medical use or application of drugs, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, sedative and tranquillisers. Depending on the definition used, substances which are abused include antibiotics, antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, pain-relieving drugs, sedatives, amphetamines and cannabis. WILD LETTUCE (LACTUCA VIROSA): Wild lettuce is a mild sedative and nervine used for restlessness and insomnia. The benzodiazepines that are used as sleep aids have more hypnotic-sedative effects and include: estazolam (ProSom), flurazepam (Dalmane), quazepam (Doral), temazepam (Restoril), and triazolam. Furthermore, the social impact of drug dependence include loss of job, loss of ones sense . Males are more likely to have become users of these drugs, but the male-female difference is least pronounced for non-prescription use of sedatives: an estimated 16% of males had become non-prescription users of sedative drugs; the corresponding estimate for females in Nigeria is 11-12%. It is an excellent sedative with no side effects even when used in large doses. While the patients usually wake up within an hour after the procedure, the sedative usually lasts for quite a while and the patient might still be feeling it the following day. Articles pub lished between 2008 and 2018 were selected. Depending on the definition used, substances which are abused include antibiotics, antidiarrhoeals, laxatives, pain-relieving drugs, sedatives, amphetamines and cannabis. said the politician died of drug overdose and not food poisoning. Although . Exclusion criteria were mental retardation, and use of sedative drugs. 08054550259. Vomiting common shortly after administration. Sedatives, heroin, cocaine and non-medical use of prescription opioids were also noted. Articles published between 2008 and 2018 were selected. T he . trol over use of the drug; for alcohol, the least common feature was tolerance, and for . Sun, 26 Dec 2021 23:50:24 GMT. quentin.chukwu@unn.edu.ng. Marijuana was introduced to Nigeria by soldiers returning from Second World War (Odejide, 2009). Senator Adeleke died of excessive sedative, banned drugs - Pathologist. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. The NDLEA chief cautioned the citizens against the use of sedatives maintaining that it could endanger their well-being. Again, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has also expressed concern over the increasing level of drug abuse and drug trafficking among Nigerian youths. The origin of Nigeria's drugs trafficking problem can be traced to the period just after the Second World War. Haladu 3 also identified common factors motivating students to start drug use, including experimental curiosity, peer influence, lack of parental supervision, personality problems . . Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Table 1 shows that the major prescription drugs used by both sexes were antibiotics, anti-malarials, cold remedies and analgesics in that order. Drug abuse is a term used commonly when prescription medication with sedative, anxiolytic, analgesic, or stimulant properties are used for mood alteration or intoxication ignoring the fact that overdose of such medicines have serious adverse effects. Illicit drug trafficking is globally identified as a threat to national security, especially in Nigeria. Promethazine is NOT an over the counter drugs in Nigeria. sedative and analgesic which caused the vital senses centre in the brain to . Awe1, O.G. Cannabis, popularly known as marijuana is one of the drugs commonly abused in Nigeria especially the adolescents. pain killer and sedative, and is less toxic. essential oil (COEO) was investigated for its sedative activity in mice. The online drugstore products kill all bacteria in your home and body to keep you free from germs and infections inside and outside of the body, including bad odour. Marwa disclosed this in Offa, Kwara State during the 3rd Annual Colloquium of Galaxy Clique. In Nigeria leaves extract of S. campanulata has a reputation of being used as an anticonvulsant. Nigeria news - Nigeria's breaking news website . euphoria and sedation. . chapter three: research methodology. The substance is proved to have similar pharmacological effects as cocaine and heroin, though to a lesser degree. Browse through drugs online shop to get your drugs and other healthcare products on Jumia. These effects may be mild or serious. Materials and methods: This was a multi-center, cross-sectional study of 124 PWE in Nigeria. Nigerian Man Held With Drugs In Underwear At Indian Airport The Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) had intercepted the passenger, a Nigerian national, based on 'behaviour detection . Of the sample 29.5% had used a prescription drug during the week prior to the interview. In case you don't know, •Marijuana Nigeria Health Blog is a research-based health site that specializes in Science-Backed facts about diseases and treatments, cost of surgeries, In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and anatomy of the Human . 1.1.1 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE In Nigeria, the most common types of abused drugs according to NAFDAC (2000) as cited by Haladu (2003) are categorized as . 3.1 research design . It showed the highest levels of drug use was recorded among people aged between 25 to 39, with cannabis being the most widely used drug. D. stramonium is used as a mydriatic agent, as a sedative for the management of insomnia, an anodyne [6] and the seeds have long been used as drug of abuse by the young people for hallucination purpose. Aspirins are used to treat severe headaches (such as migraine), dysmenorrhoea (menstrual pain), rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and many other causes of pain. He added that excessive use of drugs leads to abuse, identifying Cannabis Sativa as the most abused drug in Nigeria, pointing out that it was imported into the country by soldiers who fought in the second world war. including Nigeria, Bangladesh, India, and South America. 3.5 validity of the instrument. Introduction. It is also the use of drug when not medically prescribed or when used against legal prohibition and this cause harm to the user (Gupter 1976:23). Commonly abused drugs include cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, diazepam, codeine, cough syrup and tramadol. At Tryon Family Dentistry, we understand that our patients may be fearful of going to the dentist because they fear any pain or discomfort associated with dental treatment. The choice of sedatives generally consists of benzodiazepines (midazolam or diazepam) used either alone or in combination with an opiate. Sedation is the reduction of irritability or agitation by administration of a drug (sedative). Samsung conglomerate chief Jay Y. Lee admitted in court on Tuesday to unlawful use of a controlled substance, as the executive's legal troubles continued despite his release on parole in August . In Nigeria, unemployment is one of the causative spectrums that lead many youths to turn out to become notorious drug addicts in Nigeria. "Drug abuse, of course, has been linked to a lot of crimes like shoplifting, sex work, burglary, theft etc. Most of these agents' cause dose-dependent depres-sion of the central nervous system (CNS), leading to sleep-inducing effects (hypnosis) and possibly anes-thesia [1]. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), its effects mimic a combination of amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. In Nigeria the most common illegal drug used is cannabis and is found in urban and rural areas. Drug Abuse: Drug abuse refers to the non-medical use or application of drugs, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, amphetamines, sedative and tranquillisers. This paper reviews the available literature on the epidemiology of drug abuse in Nigeria. Kolawole1, E.O. The degree of sedation of the patient was noted at times T 0 (4 min before administration of midazolam), T 8 (4 min after administration of midazolam), and T 12 (8 min after study drug administration), time of awakening as well as during the postoperative assessment 4 h after discharge from the recovery room. Slow onset of action - give at least 30 min before sedation . The females tended to receive more prescriptions for analgesics and sedatives than the males. Solvent - Cold patch & solution or various types. For the purpose of this study, an . Nigeria & the Drugs War Axel Klein Over the past five years the Nigerian government has taken dramatic steps . principally cannabis, heroin and cocaine but also amphetamine-type drugs, sedative hypnotic agents and hallucinogen) though voluminous and wide-ranging, is tightly In July he denied two counts of drug driving . Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). 3.2 population of the study . What is Sedation Dentistry Oral sedation dentistry involves the administration of sedative drugs via an oral route, generally to facilitate a dental procedure and reduce a patient's […] The NDLEA chief cautioned the. A "psychoactive drug" or "psychotropic substance" is a This paper reviews the available literature on the epidemiology of drug abuse in Nigeria. However, abuse of hard drugs is rampant among students in tertiary and secondary school in Nigeria.Odejide (1989:17) observed that drug abuse presents broad-spectrum of problems which affect the individual, his immediate family, and the society at large. (Bignoniaceae) is a very common plant in Bangladesh which is locally called "Rudrapalash". Prosecutors also said the former pen salesman was found to have 632 micrograms of diazepam in his system — the chemical name for sedative Valium. In an interview with THISDAY, Olarewaju Ipinmisho, former DG of . Sold under the brand names Sonata among others, is a sedative-hypnotic, used to treat insomnia. A number of studies conducted to test f or the anxiolytic and sedative activity of medicinal p lants in Nigeria wer e included. All publications with authorship outside Nigeria were excluded. From your perspective, describe challenge of drug abuse in the country? 1,2 The prescription cough syrups used to make lean drink present the most danger because they often contain codeine, an opioid drug. the prevalence of drug use in Nigeria on a geopolitical . There are drugs which improve all diverse aspects of sex including; increasing or suppressing sexual desires, improving sexual performance, improve pleasure, conception and fertility, gestation and . Colorado, Refnol, Tramadol, Codeine & names of other commonly abused drugs in Nigeria and their side effects. This review is, however, limited to studies on substances which alter behaviour or mood. Latest Jobs in Nigeria (Graduates/Non . The studies were conducted in Nigeria. a Other drugs includes: cannabis, cocaine, non-prescription use of sedatives or stimulants, and other drugs. 3.7 method of data collection was given an overdose of sedative and analgesic medicines. Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. Taken on its own, tramadol is rarely fatal, but when it is mixed with other drugs, it can become a sedative powerful enough to stop the heart. He added that excessive use of drugs leads to abuse, identifying cannabis sativa as the most abused drug in Nigeria, pointing out that it was imported into the country by soldiers who fought in the. In contrast, the importation of amphetamines and narcotics into Nigeria is prohibited except through the Federal Ministry of Health. The sedative is usually administered either via an injection into the vein or drugs and produces relaxation and light sleep. Ademowo3 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria Crypto trading thrives in Nigeria despite official disapproval. There is some argument among researchers whether MDMA is a stimulant drug with hallucinogen properties or a drug that should be placed in a class of its own. a sedative used in anaesthesia - 41 times from 2015 through 2020. . The Chairman of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), Major-General Buba Marwa (rtd), on Sunday, said the agency has confiscated N60bn worth of hard drugs in the last two months of its operation. Spathodea campanulata P. Beauv. Inhalants and solvents sometimes referred to as a volatile substance Because of the presence of codeine in cough syrups, . 3.3 sampling procedure . 10. This review is, however, limited to studies on substances which alter behaviour or mood. Males are more likely to have become users of these drugs, but the male-female difference is least pronounced for non-prescription use of sedatives: an estimated 16% of males had become non-prescription users of sedative drugs; the corresponding estimate for females in Nigeria is 11-12%. principally cannabis, heroin and cocaine but also amphetamine-type drugs, sedative hypnotic agents and hallucinogen) though voluminous and wide-ranging, is tightly pain killer and sedative, and is less toxic. There is the problem of unbridled unemployment in Nigeria. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. It contains toxic anticholinergic alkaloids atropine, scopolamine and hyosciamine [7]. 3.4 sample size. Dose: 0.2-1.0 mg/kg (for premedication/sedation: up to 1 mg/kg is an acceptable dose). , methanol leaf extract, mice, sedative-hypnotic activity. What Is Lean? MDMA is a synthetic "designer" drug that acts as both a stimulant and a psychedelic substance. A number of studies conducted to test for the anxiolytic and sedative activity of medicinal plants in Nigeria were included. Use in combination with acepromazine for synergism of sedative effect. widely used drug. Tramadol - 50mg, 100mg and 200 mg. About 15% of primary care attendees used over-the-counter sedatives, with many becoming long-term users; use of these drugs may be more common among females than for other drugs (Gureje and Obikoya, 1990).Very little is known about occurrence of drug dependence in Nigeria, and no previous studies assessed a broad range of drugs with a large and . Cannabis is the most abused drug reported in various studies done in Nigeria. drug abuse among secondary school students Very unlikely to cause vomiting. Pharmacists have said that more young Nigerians are abusing sedatives, analgesics and other hard drugs.